Image-guided frontal sinus surgery in children

Surgical management of frontal sinus disease in children is often a challenge, given the wide variation in frontal sinus development. A thorough understanding of the embryology and anatomy of the frontal sinus is essential to safe surgical intervention. With current advances in technology including endoscopy and image guidance, new operative techniques are evolving to safely instrument the pediatric frontal sinus. Here, we review the embryology, anatomy, surgical indications, and contemporary surgical techniques of the frontal sinus in children.