Neutral vs anionic palladium iodide-catalyzed carbonylation of terminal arylacetylenes

The hydroalkoxycarbonylation of terminal arylacetylenes can be carried out in an easy one-step synthesis through the use of PdI 2 or PdI 2 /KI as catalytic systems under non-oxidative conditions, without other ligands and in the absence of added acids. Going from non-polar to polar reaction media, we have noticed a dramatic change in the chemoselectivity of the reaction with prevailing formation of α-, β-unsaturated esters, in the former case, and a mixture of oxidative (maleic esters derivatives) and reductive (mainly unsaturated lactones) carbonylation products in comparable amount, in the latter case. The origin of this behavior can be explained with the different active species at work changing the reaction media: neutral palladium species in non-polar media and ionic palladium species in polar media.