Catalytic transfer hydrogenation of butyl levulinate to γ-valerolactone over zirconium phosphates with adjustable Lewis and Brønsted acid sites

The efficient production of γ-valerolactone (GVL) from renewable resources is attracting increasing attention in view of its wide application in fuel and synthetic chemistry. In this study, a series of novel and efficient zirconium phosphate catalysts were developed for the transfer hydrogenation of levulinate esters to GVL using isopropanol as the hydrogen donor. Experimental results show that 98.1% butyl levulinate conversion and 95.7% GVL yield can be achieved with ZrPO-1.00 at 483 K after 2.0 h. Intensive characterization of the synthesized catalysts using N 2 adsorption-desorption, FT-IR, ICP-AES, XPS, NH 3 -TPD, Py-FTIR and XRD demonstrates that the physicochemical properties, particularly hydrophobicity, Lewis to Bronsted acid site ratio and Lewis acid site strength were subtly tuned via adjustment of the molar proportion of phosphorus to zirconium, which is responsible for excellent transfer hydrogenation activity. Furthermore, this optimized catalyst exhibits high stability and recyclability for at least ten reaction cycles. In addition, a plausible reaction pathway and catalytic mechanism are proposed.