Thermophysical properties of nanofluids

Following the importance of nanofluids (NFs) and their applications in heating/cooling sections of the industries, their thermophysical properties are investigated herein. In this regard, an extensive study of density, viscosity, and thermal conductivity is developed. The effects of temperature and nanoparticle characteristics (type, concentration, and size) are evaluated based on the experimental data of the literature. These factors affect the thermophysical properties strongly. Furthermore, the theoretical and neural network models for the estimation of properties are reviewed. Although various NFs are potential working fluids for heat transfer applications, their successful development on the commercial scale relies on their performance under practical conditions. However, the assessment of the thermophysical properties of NFs could pave a reliable path toward successful development on the commercial scale.