Significant residual effects of wheat fertilization on greenhouse gas emissions in succeeding soybean growing season

Many efforts have been made to learn the fertilization effects on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the current crop season of multiple cropping systems, however, residual effects on the succeeding crop season are not clear. Based on a thirty-year fertilization experiment, we investigated the impacts of wheat fertilization on GHG emissions in the succeeding soybean season. There were five fertilization regimes for the wheat-soybean cropping system, including sole organic manure (M), balanced chemical NPK fertilizer (NPK), chemical NPK plus manure (NPKM), chemical NP plus wheat straw (NPS), and no fertilizer application (CK). Fertilization significantly affected GHG emissions not only in the current fertilizing season of winter wheat but also in the non-fertilizing season of summer soybean. Compared to the NPK treatment, the M and NPKM treatments stimulated annual soil CO 2 and N 2 O emissions, and reduced CH 4 emissions. The M and NPKM treatments also significantly increased soil organic C and total N contents, soil microbial biomass C and N, and NH 4 N and NO 3 N concentrations, especially in the soybean season. Although fertilizers were only applied in wheat season, the emissions of CO 2 and N 2 O were higher in the soybean season. At the cropping system scale, the treatments of M and NPKM significantly increased annual global warming potential (GWP) by 75.5% and 38.3%, respectively, compared to the NPK. Sole manure application (M) significantly increased greenhouse gas intensity (GHGI) in comparison with the NPK, while there was no significant increment in the GHGI caused by the treatments of chemical fertilizer plus manure (NPKM) and crop straw (NPS).