Leniency in Japan - An Empirical Survey of its Use

This paper would like to add to the empirical research in relation to leniency programs. The purpose of this paper is to inform the reader on what is at play in Japan. This paper does not yet aim at connect conclusions to the empirical data. The empirical data obtained needs to be further checked with a qualitative study. The reason for already making the findings public is twofold. First, there is a wealth of information available on the use of the Japanese leniency program but only in Japanese language. Second, the quantitative study has shown great parallels between the answers of lawyers and cartel participants.