Winter warming in the southern Bay of Biscay and Lagrangian eddy kinematics from a deep-drogued Argos buoy

The winter of 1989/1990 was a year of marked warm water inflow along the Iberian, Spanish and French continental slopes and three anticyclonic eddies developed in the southern Bay of Biscay. Winter temperatures along the northern Spanish slope were examined in the belief that warm water inflow is related to the production of anticyclonic eddies in the southern Bay of Biscay. The annual cycle of temperature (at ~200 m depth) is most unusual in that the warmest temperatures occur in January, the coldest in the summer. Year-to-year variations are evident with the suggestion of a periodicity, though variable, of about five years.In April 1992, an opportunity presented itself for a late winter eddy survey in the south-eastern corner of the Bay of Biscay from RRS ‘Charles Darwin’. Two Argos buoys were deployed in what was thought to be, or would develop into, an anticyclonic eddy, and one of the buoys was caught in the eddy. This buoy was drogued at a depth of 320 m in a relatively well-mixed part of the water column thought to contain the eddy core. This buoy made ~60 clockwise orbits in the eddy and remained within 15 km of the eddy centre over the 200-d observation period. The normalized relative central vorticity of the eddy had a minimum value of -0·6 and the eddy rotation period experienced by the buoy ranged from 2·5 to 6·5 d. The decay scale for the eddy was estimated at 250 ±100 d. The mean variance of the east-west velocity component was significantly larger than the north-south value, and the buoy's orbit was significantly elliptical towards the end of the period of the observations.