Analytical studies of post-Medieval glass bottle marks from excavations at Kazan Kremlin (Russia)

Archaeological excavations of the Kazan Kremlin, a UNESCO World Heritage site, revealed stamped glass bottles dated from the second quarter of the 18th to the 19th centuries ACE. Two stamps have the exact date of 1822 and 1884. Most of the glass stamps in our dataset are clearly of Russian origin. All artifacts are lime–rich plant ash glasses, with low soda content. Their chemical composition indicates the use of similar recipe with various sources of glass cullet and straw ash for their manufacture, with the possible addition of wood ash and other components.