Magnetization and XPS study of pristine bulk In[sub 2]O[sub 3]

We demonstrate that room temperature ferromagnetism (RTFM) can be induced in pristine In2O3 bulk powder through hydrogenation. The oxygen vacancies (Vo) accompanied by defect complexes In2+–Vo are produced in hydrogenated In2O3. However, the ferromagnetic ordering disappears upon removing these Vo’s and defect complex upon re-heating the hydrogenated sample in air. The hydrogenation induced In3d–O2p hybridization, the defect complexes In2+–Vo and the Vo’s compositely contribute to observed ferromagnetic ordering.