Electrode material fabricated by doping holmium in nickel oxide and its application in electrochemical sensor for flutamide determination as a prostate cancer drug

The presented research introduces a fabricated working electrode of cabbage flower-like Ho3+/NiO nanostructure (CFL-Ho3+/NiO NSs) as a glassy carbon electrode for the detection of flutamide, a prostate cancer drug, through a differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). A solvothermal technique was applied to produce the CFL-Ho3+/NiO NSs, which were subsequently characterized by Map, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction methods. Three various techniques of DPV, cyclic voltammetry, and chronoamperometry as well as multiple electrodes were employed to evaluate the electrochemical properties of flutamide. The reduction process of flutamide was tested by quantitative analysis at − 526 mV and pH 7.0. Diffusion coefficient of flutamide was assessed by chronoamperometry method in phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.0). Linear results were reported for the DPV in the range between 0.01 and 400.0 μM. Under optimized conditions, the range of linear responses was between 0.01 and 400.0 μM with the limit of quantification of 18.8 nM and limit of detection of 5.7 nM. The produced electrode was practically utilized to detect flutamide in flutanax tablets and real clinical urine samples, achieving successful results. The standard addition method was performed for the detection of flutamide present in urine samples using the modified electrode. The only urine treatment in this method was a simple dilution with supporting buffer.