Stepwise Strategies for the Bioremediation of Contaminated Soils: From the Microbial Isolation to the Final Application

In this chapter, we provide several tools and protocols that should be followed to develop successful research on soil bioremediation. We propose step-by-step guidance toward the study of a contaminated site as a possible target for bioremediation. Some tips regarding the selection of the target site are provided. General protocols and international standards on sampling were taken into account, to maintain the integrity of the samples and their correct management for the following treatments at the laboratory. Microbial isolation and their abilities for bioremediation vary according to the nature of the sample, and as a consequence different methodologies were proposed. Assays developed with culturable microorganisms to select those able to act on the contaminant of interest were also described. When the selection was completed, the analysis to establish the mechanisms involved in the interactions with the contaminants was described. Finally, we focused on the use of molecular biology approaches, such as proteomics and genetics, to evaluate how microorganisms reacted in the presence of the contaminant.