New tools of Electrochemistry at the service of (bio)sensing: From rational designs to electrocatalytic mechanisms

This review overviews and revalues the role that the electrochemical techniques and the continuously evolving electrode designs play in the tremendous progress experienced by electrochemical biosensing. These aspects are scarcely covered in the recent literature on electrochemical biosensors and are discussed in this article through selected representative examples together with other approaches involving the use of signal amplification strategies, electrocatalytic materials, ratiometric designs or antifouling chemistries. Regarding electrodes, the continuous advances made in screen-printed, micro-, paper-based and flexible and wearable materials are critically overviewed. Concerning electrochemical techniques, the use of selected widely known techniques (electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, stripping voltammetry, and potentiometry) to successfully address different applications in response to current biosensing challenges is highlighted through their smart coupling with new experimental designs, bioreceptors and materials.