Deep learning redesign of PETase for practical PET degrading applications

Plastic waste poses an ecological challenge1. While current plastic waste management largely relies on unsustainable, energy-intensive, or even hazardous physicochemical and mechanical processes, enzymatic degradation offers a green and sustainable route for plastic waste recycling2. Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) has been extensively used in packaging and for the manufacture of fabrics and single-used containers, accounting for 12% of global solid waste3. The practical application of PET hydrolases has been hampered by their lack of robustness and the requirement for high processing temperatures. Here, we use a structure-based, deep learning algorithm to engineer an extremely robust and highly active PET hydrolase. Our best resulting mutant (FAST-PETase: Functional, Active, Stable, and Tolerant PETase) exhibits superior PET-hydrolytic activity relative to both wild-type and engineered alternatives, (including a leaf-branch compost cutinase and its mutant4) and possesses enhanced thermostability and pH tolerance. We demonstrate that whole, untreated, post-consumer PET from 51 different plastic products can all be completely degraded by FAST-PETase within one week, and in as little as 24 hours at 50 °C. Finally, we demonstrate two paths for closed-loop PET recycling and valorization. First, we re-synthesize virgin PET from the monomers recovered after enzymatic depolymerization. Second, we enable in situ microbially-enabled valorization using a Pseudomonas strain together with FAST-PETase to degrade PET and utilize the evolved monomers as a carbon source for growth and polyhydroxyalkanoate production. Collectively, our results demonstrate the substantial improvements enabled by deep learning and a viable route for enzymatic plastic recycling at the industrial scale.