Polar wind survey with the Thermal Ion Dynamics Experiment/Plasma Source Instrument suite aboard POLAR

In February 1996, the POLAR spacecraft was placed in an elliptical orbit with a 9 R E geocentric distance apogee in the northern hemisphere and 1.8 R E perigee in the southern hemisphere. The Thermal Ion Dynamics Experiment (TIDE) on POLAR has allowed sampling of the three-dimensional ion distribution functions with excellent energy, angular, and mass resolution. The Plasma Source Instrument (PSI), when operated, allows sufficient diminution of the electric potential to observe the polar wind at very high altitudes. In this paper, we describe the results of a survey of the polar wind characteristics for H + , He + , and O + as observed by TIDE at ∼5000 km and ∼8 R E altitudes over the polar cap during April-May 1996. At 5000 km altitude, the H + polar wind exhibits a supersonic outflow, while O + shows subsonic downflow, which suggests a cleft ion fountain origin for the O + ions in the polar cap region. Dramatic decreases of the 5000 km altitude H + and O + ion densities and fluxes are seen as the solar zenith angle increases from 90° to 100° for the ionospheric base, which is consistent with solar illumination ionization control. However, the polar cap downward O + flow and density decline from dayside to nightside in magnetic coordinates suggest a cleft ion fountain origin for the polar cap O + . Cleft ion fountain origin O + density plumes could also be partially responsible for a similar day-night asymmetry in H + , owing to the charge-exchange reaction. At 8 R E altitude, both H + and O + outflows are supersonic and H + is the highly dominant ion species. The average bulk ion field-aligned velocities are in the typical ratio V O+ : V He+ : V H+ ∼ 2: 3: 5, which may suggest a tendency toward comparable energy gains, such as via an electric potential layer.