Electrochemical Biosensors for the Determination of Cardiovascular Markers: a Review

Nowadays there is a growing interest in the de- velopment of devices for the fast and reliable detection and quantification of biomarkers associated with cardio- vascular diseases (CVDs). The main objective is not only an early diagnosis of these diseases but also predicting the risk that an individual can suffer CVD. Electrochemi- cal biosensors can play a key role in the development of low cost, portable and rapid sensing platforms for this purpose. This review discusses critically the state of the art in the development, applications and potential suita- bility of electrochemical biosensors for the determination of cardiovascular biomarkers as well as the required char- acteristics that these sensors should fulfill to be finally ac- cepted in the clinical community.