Neuropeptides and Angiogenesis

Neuropeptides are one of the most conserved proteins across different species and are ubiquitously expressed in different organs. In the peripheral nervous system, neuropeptides are secreted by the sensory and autonomic nerves and participate in a wide range of functions including immune surveillance, cardiovascular homeostasis, regulation of endocrine function, cytokine and growth factor release, and importantly angiogenesis. Neuropeptides including neuropeptide Y, substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and somatostatin (SS) are some of the neuropeptides that have been investigated regarding their role in modulating the vascular system and angiogenesis. All of these neuropeptides are pro-angiogenic except SS, which has anti-­angiogenic properties. This chapter aims to present up-to-date evidence on the various mechanisms of action of the aforementioned neuropeptides and their clinical implications.