Downtown congestion pricing in practice

“Downtown congestion pricing” (DCP) is what this paper calls the practice of relieving congestion by charging tolls, or requiring the purchase of supplementary licenses, to drive in a city’s central areas. Five major cities have implemented DCP: Singapore, London, Stockholm, Milan and Gothenburg. This paper reviews the history of DCP, reporting on each system’s implementation, design, transportation impacts and finances. In addition, the paper provides historical context, discusses four recurring themes and outlines plans for future systems.