Bubble-through flow cell for rapid continuous-flow analysis with ion-selective electrodes

A fast-response flow cell with ion-selective electrodes was constructed for continuous-flow measurements in air-segmented streams without debubbling. The flow system was optimized for fluoride and chloride determinations. With a flow-rate of 4 ml min−1 a sampling rate of 480 h−1 was achieved for chloride determinations; the average relative standard deviation in all instances was better than 2%.