Ornithogenic Gelisols (Cryosols) from Maritime Antarctica

In terrestrial ecosystems of Maritime Antarctica (King George Island), the transference of primary marine production to the land promoted by penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) and other birds, appears to influence soil formation and chemical weathering to a greater extent than formerly predicted. This paper summarizes the results of pedological investigations on the vicinity of the American Pieter J. Lenie Field Station (62°10' S, 58°28' W), discussing soil formation processes related to vegetation succession in the studied area. Soil organic matter (SOM) accumulation and associated phosphatization are marked soil-forming processes in ice-free areas once colonized by penguins. Also there is a high correlation between soil development and vegetation patterns. Nutrient supply in these cryogenic soils is affected by low pH following nitrification and high contents of P, K, Ca, and Mg due to seabirds' inputs. Lithic Umbriturbels and Glacic Haploturbels are the most common omithogenic soils, followed by Lithic Fibristels and Psammentic Aquiturbels. In all soils phosphatization and omithogenesis occurs in varying degrees. However, the recent Gelisols order of Soil Taxonomy does not consider the influence of ornithogenesis or phosphatization in its framework, so that a more detailed classification of such soils is not possible.