Effects of S1Recurrent Selection for Provitamin A Carotenoid Content for Three Open-Pollinated Maize Cultivars

Maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars with increased con centrations of provitamin A (proVA) carotenoids can improve the health of millions of consumers who are vitamin A deficient and rely on maize as a staple food. Three open-pollinated maize culti vars ( opC) were subjected to three cycles of S1 recurrent selection for increased proVA concen tration. Agronomic performance of Cycles 0, 1, 2, and 3 for each op C was evaluated using three replications at 10 locations, and changes in proVA concentration were assessed for hand-pollinated grain produced at two sites. Selection resulted in significant ( P < 0.01 for 11, and P < 0.05 for 1 occurrence) linear increases of 25 to 67% per cycle for total proVA, 28 to 60% for b -carotene, 18 to 70% for b-cryptoxanthin, and 11 to 46% for zeaxanthin. These findings are especially signifi cant because, in contrast to recent trends, they demonstrate the feasibility of developing proVAenhanced maize while meeting nutritionists’ rec ommendations not to sacrifice b -cryptoxanthin and zeaxanthin to increase b-carotene concentration in grain. Grain yield increased in one but decreased ( P < 0.01) in two of the op Cs, and we hypothesize that linkage drag associated with proVA-enhancing genes from exotic donor lines may be responsible for the negative trends. We conclude that breeding proVA-enriched maize without sacrificing b-cryptoxanthin and zea xanthin concentrations is feasible, but that (i) it remains unknown whether such approaches can achieve the high concentrations of proVA reported elsewhere by using marker-assisted selection for genes that favor b