Horizontal Gene Transfer: A Universal Phenomenon

According to the scientific literature, it is reasonable to consider that lateral transfer of genes is an usual mechanism of adaptation of the biological organisms to environmental stresses. Furthermore, from bacteria to cultured human cells, including fungi and plants, a large diversity of horizontal gene transfers—natural or artificial, experimental or deduced from sequence analysis—have been described. Therefore, the uncharacterized biodiversity—particularly in microbiology—associated with the universality of the horizontal gene transfer phenomenon leads to the consideration that dissemination of DNA from Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) in biological environments, including food and soil, is uncontrolled and predictable.