Identifying key factors of groundwater chemistry in three diverse Landscapes of Central Mexico

In order to understand the hydrogeochemical pattern, ground (n = 23) and surface water (n = 2) samples were collected from three different landscapes (mountain, plain, valley) of Hidalgo State, Central Mexico. Physicochemical characteristics (pH, electrical conductivity, total hardness, alkalinity, total acidity, total solids, total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, CO2; cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+), anions (NO3−, Cl−, PO43−and SO42−) and dissolved geochemical elements (Fe, Mn, Cr, Cu, Ni, Co, Pb, Zn, Cd and As) were analyzed. Results illustrated they are neutral to slightly alkaline due to the dissolution of carbonates. Average concentrations of anions and cations presented an order of (in mg/l): Na+ (273) > Ca2+ (206) > SO42− (181) > Cl− (163) > Mg2+ (115) > NO3− (11.07) > PO43− (0.12) revealing the local geogenic and anthropogenic influences. High mean concentrations of dissolved trace metals (0.052 mg/l) in the mountains is attributed to their diverse geochemical environment of the terrain and climatic variability. Concentrations of Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn were below the permissible limits set forth by WHO and the Mexican Government. Piper trilinear diagram revealed that they are mainly of Ca-Mg-HCO3 and Ca-Mg-SO4 type. Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR) indicated that nearly 96% are of excellent quality, while Magnesium Adsorption Ratio (MAR) showed that 68% of them are unsuitable for irrigation purposes.