Antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance profile of bacteria isolated from out-patients of Pakem primary healthcare, Yogyakarta

Background: The use of antibiotics is one of the procedures in the treatment of infectious diseases. Antibiotics are given to kill or inhibit the growth of infectious bacteria within the host’s system. Inappropriate use of antibiotics may lead to antibiotic resistance where the bacteria can resist the effect of the drugs. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the pattern of antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance in out-patients at the Pakem Health Center, Yogyakarta. Method: This study employed a descriptive research design using the data of patients with bacterial infections. Twenty-six patients were the subjects of the study with predetermined characteristics, namely age, gender, occupation, and antibiotics given. Result: The result showed the five (5) common types of infections were pyoderma, pharyngitis, abscess, bronchitis, and wound infection. Meanwhile, the infectious bacteria found were Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella oxytoca, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Streptococcus betahaemolyticus. The prescribed antibiotics included amoxicillin (73.33%), metronidazole (16.67%), gentamicin (6.67%), and ciprofloxacin (3.33%). The antibiotic resistant bacteria were Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, and Staphylococcus aureus. Among the test bacteria, several groups showed multiple-drug resistance. The five highest antibiotic resistance found were penicillin (52.9%), ampicillin (40.0%), tetracycline (33.3%), cefuroxime (33.3%), and amikacin (33.3%). Conclusion: The most common type of infection was pyoderma and the antibiotic treatment given to most occurring cases of infection was amoxicillin.