An acoustic study of sea ice behavior in a shallow, Arctic bay

Recent acceleration of sea ice decline observed in the Arctic Ocean draws attention to environmental factors driving this phenomenon. One of the main conclusions is a growing need for better understanding of sea ice drift, deformation, and fracturing. In response to that call, several ambient noise recordings were carried out in the coastal zone of Hornsund Fjord, Spitsbergen, in spring 2015 to study underwater acoustic signatures of sea ice behavior. The noise levels varied significantly with sea ice type and intensity of external forces. Low-frequency signatures were strongly related to tidal cycle, which manifested in much higher SPL values at low water. Compacted ice cover is periodically deformed and crushed, representing a significant contribution to the ambient noise field in the study site. Average noise levels at frequencies above 1 kHz are, in turn, considerably higher in front of marine-terminating glacier than in the neighboring, non-glacial bay. These differences, expanding with the rise of water temperature, are associated with melting of the ice cliff and generally unaffected by the presence of sea ice. [Work funded by the Polish National Science Centre, Grant No. 2013/11/N/ST10/01729.]