Chromosomal Microarray Analysis Supplements Exome Sequencing to Diagnose Children with Suspected Inborn Errors of Immunity

Purpose: Though copy number variants (CNVs) have been suggested to play a significant role in inborn errors of immunity (IEI), the precise nature of this role remains largely unexplored. Thus, we sought to determine the diagnostic contribution of CNVs using genome-wide chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) in children with suspected or known IEI. Methods: We performed exome sequencing (ES) and CMA for 332 unrelated pediatric probands referred for evaluation of IEI. The analysis included primary, secondary, and incidental findings. Results: Of the 332 probands, 134 (40.4%) received molecular diagnoses. Of these, 116/134 (86.6%) were diagnosed by ES alone. An additional 15/134 (11.2%) were diagnosed by CMA alone, including two likely de novochanges. Three (2.2%) participants had diagnostic molecular findings from both ES and CMA, including two compound heterozygotes and one patient with two distinct diagnoses. Half of the participants with CMA contribution to diagnosis had CNVs in at least one non-immune gene, highlighting the clinical complexity of these cases. Overall, CMA contributed to 18/134 diagnoses (13.4%), increasing the overall diagnostic yield by 15.5%. Conclusion: Pairing ES and CMA can provide a comprehensive evaluation to clarify the complex factors that contribute to both immune and non-immune phenotypes. Such a combined approach to genetic testing helps untangle complex phenotypes, not only by clarifying the differential diagnosis, but in some cases by identifying multiple diagnoses contributing to the overall clinical presentation.