Flexoelectricity and the Formation of Carbon Nanoparticles in Flames

The formation of carbon nanoparticles in flames involves a nucleation step that remains poorly understood. Experimentally, carbon nuclei formation is known to depend strongly on the electrical aspects of combustion, but modes of interaction between charged species in the flame and carbon precursors have yet to be found. We present evidence for flexoelectrically polarized aromatics contributing to carbon nanoparticulate nucleation. We imaged the nascent nanoparticles using high resolution transmission electron microscopy, which revealed that the majority of aromatics in the early carbon nanoparticles are fullerene-like and curved. The curvature induces a significant molecular flexoelectric dipole moment in the polyaromatic hydrocarbons. This electric polarization allows these molecules to strongly interact with chemi-ions produced during combustion, which we demonstrate using electronic structure calculations. The results indicate that the physical interaction between fullerene-like polar aromatics and che...