Shock surfing at a two-fluid plasma model

A set of one-dimensional two-fluid plus Maxwell's equations are solved numerically with very high spatial and temporal resolutions. The simulation captures the formation of the cross-shock potential (CSP) on electron Debye and plasma frequency scales. Test particles are launched towards the shock and their trajectories across the cross-shock electric and magnetic fields indicate the importance of shock surfing acceleration (SSA) at the quasi-perpendicular shock.