RETRACTED ARTICLE: Developing an energy-efficient ubiquitous agriculture mobile sensor network-based threshold built-in MAC routing protocol (TBMP)

Smart agriculture has been a promising model to supervise farms utilizing contemporary wireless technologies to enhance the quantity and quality of yield at the same time as minimizing the individual labor requirement. Also, the effective utilization of the sensors as communication components is the key one to monitor and manage soil, water, light, humidity, temperature. A mobile ad hoc sensor node comprises sensors to gather a real-time environment from the agricultural land with wireless communication technology and process the data before sharing information with other nodes in the network. On the other hand, the challenges have been enormously high path loss and lack of communication range under the environment when passing through the soil, sand, water, and other climatic conditions. As wireless sensor network (WSN) has self-organized and ad hoc wireless capability to monitor physical or environmental conditions, it can be used effectively in smart agriculture. As sensor nodes have been limited by means of power to be inactive mode always, the design of such energy-efficient agriculture WSN is a paramount issue. Hence, it has been planned to utilize the WSN as well as ubiquitous technology for smart agriculture with energy efficiency. With the purpose of building up a model, a ubiquitous agriculture mobile sensor network-based threshold built-in MAC routing protocol (TBMP) has been proposed to make it fit for minimal resource utilization by comparing with the existing protocols IMR and PTSR. The necessary resources for agriculture sensor network have been temperature, soil, and water. Also, the testing will be done to monitor changes in environmental surroundings in the agricultural land smartly to obtain maximum usage of the ubiquitous concept by applying existing and proposed protocols.