Imaging Generalized Wigner Crystal States in a WSe2/WS2 Moiré Superlattice

The Wigner crystal state, first predicted by Eugene Wigner in 19341, has fascinated condensed matter physicists for nearly 90 years2-10. Studies of two-dimensional (2D) electron gases first revealed signatures of the Wigner crystal in electrical transport measurements at high magnetic fields2-4. More recently optical spectroscopy has provided evidence of generalized Wigner crystal states in transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) moiré superlattices6-9. Direct observation of the 2D Wigner crystal lattice in real space, however, has remained an outstanding challenge. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) in principle has sufficient spatial resolution to image the Wigner crystal, but conventional STM measurements can potentially alter fragile Wigner crystal states in the process of measurement. Here we demonstrate real-space imaging of 2D Wigner crystals in WSe2/WS2 moiré heterostructures using a novel non-invasive STM spectroscopy technique. We employ a graphene sensing layer in close proximity to the WSe2/WS2 moiré superlattice for Wigner crystal imaging, where local STM tunneling current into the graphene sensing layer is modulated by the underlying electron lattice of the Wigner crystal in the WSe2/WS2 heterostructure. Our measurement directly visualizes different lattice configurations associated with Wigner crystal states at fractional electron fillings of n = 1/3, 1/2, and 2/3, where n is the electron number per site. The n=1/3 and n=2/3 Wigner crystals are observed to exhibit a triangle and a honeycomb lattice, respectively, in order to minimize nearest-neighbor occupations. The n = 1/2 state, on the other hand, spontaneously breaks the original C3 symmetry and forms a stripe structure in real space. Our study lays a solid foundation toward the fundamental understanding of rich Wigner crystal states in WSe2/WS2 moiré heterostructures. Furthermore, this new STM technique is generally applicable to imaging novel correlated electron lattices in different van der Waals moiré heterostructures.