Hydrodynamic instabilities in a lead acid battery

WE demonstrate here the feasibility of the observations of hydrodynamic instabilities in a lead acid battery during the discharge process. We use a system comprising two horizontal electrodes immersed in a transparent cell. The electrodes contain in the charged state porous PbO2, the ‘positive’ electrode, and porous Pb, the ‘negative’ electrode. The electrodes were prepared to commercial standards using common industrial processes.