Membrane Hybrid System in Water and Wastewater Treatment

Membrane bioreactors are widely used in wastewater treatment and they produce water of high enough quality to be reused. The membranes used in membrane bioreactors undergo fouling. Different configurations, operating parameters, and membrane fouling control technologies are presented in this chapter. Water recycling requires superior organics removal and in particular, the removal of micropollutants. Research on membrane adsorption hybrid systems in removing micropollutants, including pharmaceuticals, is discussed in detail along with the sustainability of membrane bioreactors in terms of producing water of recyclable quality at low operating and maintenance costs.