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Identifying Hypocalcemia in Dairy Cattle by Combining 3D Printing and Paper Diagnostics
- Source :
- ECS Sensors Plus. 1:040601
- Publication Year :
- 2022
- Publisher :
- The Electrochemical Society, 2022.
-
Abstract
- This paper describes the design, fabrication, and validation of a paper-based diagnostic device for the rapid diagnosis of hypocalcemia in dairy cattle at the point-of-care (POC). The device incorporates a 3D printed calcium ion-selective membrane (ISM) as the sensing element for free—unbound—calcium in real bovine whole blood samples. With a linear response range of 100 mM to 97.7 μM, the sensor covers the clinically relevant concentrations of Ca2+ associated with both healthy cattle as well as those suffering from hypocalcemia. The components of the Ca2+ ion-selective electrodes were successfully translated to a paper-based device to provide a sensing platform that is simple to use, disposable, and low-cost, and is therefore well-situated for applications at the POC. The paper-based calcium sensor showed a Nernstian response between 10 mM and 100 μM and required only 12 μl of sample to perform a measurement, which can be accomplished in less than two minutes without the need for time-consuming separation steps. The performance of the paper-based Ca2+ sensor was validated using the commercially available epoc® Blood Analysis System, which provided results within 5% of the data obtained with 3D printed Ca2+-ISM integrated paper-based device.
Details
- ISSN :
- 27542726
- Volume :
- 1
- Database :
- OpenAIRE
- Journal :
- ECS Sensors Plus
- Accession number :
- edsair.doi...........4a19bdfd0f12032619d6402e2321dc99