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Hopping conduction in (Ni,Co,Mn)O4 prepared by different synthetic routes: Conventional and spark plasma sintering
- Source :
- Ceramics International. 43:16070-16075
- Publication Year :
- 2017
- Publisher :
- Elsevier BV, 2017.
-
Abstract
- (Ni,Co,Mn)O 4 (NMC) oxides were prepared by conventional sintering (CS) and spark plasma sintering (SPS) using micro and nanopowders. Small hoping polaron theory was used in order to investigate effect of processing routes on electrical properties of NMC oxides as negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistors. Also, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques were utilized to analyze compositional and structural effects on the electrical properties of NMC compounds. Hopping conduction in NMC prepared by SPS and CS using nanopowder occurs via variable range hopping (VRH) mechanism, however conduction in NMC prepared by CS using micropowder follows nearest neighboring hopping (NNH) mode. Hopping distance and activation energy for the VRH mode were calculated using corresponding physical model.
- Subjects :
- 010302 applied physics
Materials science
Scanning electron microscope
Process Chemistry and Technology
Metallurgy
Analytical chemistry
Spark plasma sintering
Sintering
02 engineering and technology
Activation energy
021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology
Polaron
01 natural sciences
Variable-range hopping
Surfaces, Coatings and Films
Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
0103 physical sciences
Materials Chemistry
Ceramics and Composites
0210 nano-technology
Temperature coefficient
Subjects
Details
- ISSN :
- 02728842
- Volume :
- 43
- Database :
- OpenAIRE
- Journal :
- Ceramics International
- Accession number :
- edsair.doi...........46ea6107354c3393bc40504b0e88c7bb