Nuclear resonant scattering at high pressure and high temperature

We introduce the combination of nuclear resonant inelastic X-ray scattering and synchrotron Mossbauer spectroscopy with the laser-heated diamond anvil cell technique for studying magnetic, elastic, thermodynamic, and vibrational properties of materials under high pressures and high temperatures. An Nd:YLF laser, operating in continuous donut mode (TEM01), has been used to heat samples inside a diamond anvil cell from both sides. Temperatures of the laser-heated sample are measured by means of spectral radiometry and by the detailed balance principle of the energy spectra. The temperature measured by the detailed balance principle is in very good agreement with values determined from the thermal radiation spectra fitted to the Planck radiation function up to 1700 K. Nuclear resonant scattering on 57 Fe-containing materials (i.e., Fe, FeO, Fe2O3) has been studied up to 2500 K and 100 GPa. A detailed description of the laser-heating optics, temperature determination, the X-ray monochromatization, and the X-ray focusing optics is given in this article.