D-lactate production in the acorn barnacleBalanus glandula(Darwin, 1854) (Cirripedia: Balanidae) under emersion stress

Anaerobic metabolism is an important response to stress in many organisms. Intertidal species often face heat stress during low tide. Balanus glandula (Darwin, 1854) is a high-shore intertidal barnacle common to the Pacific that experiences prolonged low-tide air exposure. It is not known whether B. glandula uses anaerobic metabolism during emersion, or if its use varies by latitude. We measured low tide D-lactate production in two US west coast populations of B. glandula separated by 14 degrees of latitude. We exposed barnacles to seven low-tide air temperatures (10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 38 °C) for which aerobic respiration has been previously measured. Our northern population of B. glandula increased D-lactate production at high air temperatures where aerobic metabolic depression is known to occur, indicating sublethal stress. In contrast, our southern population showed little increase in D-lactate over the same temperature range, coincident with high aerobic respiration across those temperatures. In a second experiment, we quantified D-lactate at 1, 2, and 6 hours post-emersion for northern B. glandula exposed to either a 10 or 38 °C low tide, to measure their potential lactate usage. While D-lactate was elevated at 38 °C compared to the 10 °C control immediately following low tide exposure, it dropped to control levels, and was likely excreted, within 1 hour of re-immersion. Our results suggest that the low latitude population of B. glandula may be more resilient to climate change than its high latitude counterpart in the absence of adaptation, which has strong implications for species distribution.