Na2SO4 and NaCl salts differentially modulate the antioxidant systems in the highly stress tolerant halophyte Prosopis strombulifera

Prosopis strombulifera (Lam.) Benth. is a halophytic shrub abundant in high-salinity areas in central Argentina, with high tolerance against NaCl but strong growth inhibition by Na2SO4. In the present study, the modulation of the antioxidant systems (enzymatic and non-enzymatic components) was analyzed under different salt treatments (NaCl, Na2SO4 and the iso-osmotic mixture) in hydroponic cultivation. Na2SO4-treated plants showed strong indications of oxidative stress (H2O2 and O2-• increase). Modifications in antioxidant enzymes activities were observed mainly under Na2SO4 treatment, where CAT seems to play an important role in early detoxification of H2O2 in roots, whereas SOD and APX have a predominant role in leaves. As part of the non-enzymatic system, 21 compounds were identified in leaves, being polyphenols the most abundant. Control plants contained the major variety of detected phytochemicals (14). Na2SO4-treated plants contained 10 compounds and NaCl-treated plants nine compounds, but with a different profile. NaCl-treated plants showed the highest antioxidant capacity. Our findings confirm that different types of salt treatments provoke a differential modulation of the antioxidant systems. Polyphenols and other ROS-detoxifying compounds, in a joint action with the enzymatic antioxidant system, are proposed to have a fundamental role in the cellular protection of P. strombulifera plants under severe oxidative stress. Our findings also highlight the potential of this halophyte as a valuable source of bioactive compounds with high antioxidant activity and health benefits.