Validation of sprite-inducing cloud-to-ground lightning based on ELF observations at Syowa station in Antarctica

Waveform monitoring of ELF radio signals in the frequency range of 1– 400 Hz have been carried out on a routine basis at Syowa station (69.0°S, 39.6°E in geographic coordinates), Antarctica since February, 2000. The main purpose of these observations is to monitor global lightning activity and to locate lightning-induced sprites and elves. The ELF observation system consisting of two search coil sensors (geomagnetic north–south (H) and east–west (D) sensors) was installed at a remote unmanned observatory in West Ongul Island located 5 km southwest from Syowa station. As a back up system, the same system was installed near Syowa station in East Ongul Island. Signals from these sensors were digitally sampled at 1000 Hz with a GPS time code. On July 4, 2000 during the STEPS (Severe Thunderstorm Electrification and Precipitation Studies) 2000 campaign carried out over the Great Plains in the US, 57 sprite events were observed from Yucca Ridge Field Station (40.7°N, 104.9°W), Colorado, and 53 out of these sprite events had one-to-one correspondence to transient Schumann resonances (SR) detected at Syowa station. The waveforms of these SR are characterized by sharp initial pulses and following damped oscillations. The great circles representing the propagation paths are determined from the Lissojous plots of the H and D magnetic field data of the transient SR. It has been demonstrated that the minimum distance between the great circles and the locations of causative cloud-to-ground (CG) discharges is ∼240 km on average. It is thus concluded that the method to determine the propagation paths from Lissajous plots is extremely accurate when we use the Syowa ELF waveform data. Consequently, it would be possible to globally triangulate sprite-inducing CG locations by setting up at least one more observation site with the same system.