Prandtl number of optimum biodiesel from food industrial waste oil and diesel fuel blend for diesel engine

Unconventional biodiesel characterization techniques using thermophysical and transport properties have been receiving increasing attention due to its advantages over fundamental combustion and simulation of heat transfer in solving heat transfer, chemical, and bioenergy characteristics of biodiesel combustion. In this study, the optimum production yield of Food Industrial Waste Oil Methyl Ester (FIWOME, B100, FIWOB) was modelled using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) techniques. The basic properties of the fuel types were determined using ASTM test methods, while specific heat capacity ( C p ), thermal diffusivity (TD), thermal conductivity (TC) and Prandtl number (Pr) were determined using standard methods. Diesel engine performance indicators such as Engine Torque (ET), Brake Power (BP), Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC) and Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) were determined for different fuel types using a Perkins diesel engine. The estimated Coefficient of Determination (R2) of 0.9820, Root Mean-Square-Error (RMSE) of 1.7403, Standard Error of Prediction (SEP) of 0.0215, Mean Average Error (MAE) of 1.3790, and Average Absolute Deviation (AAD) of 1.6389 for RSM compared to those of R2 (0.9847), RMSE (1.6071), SEP (0.0199), MAE (1.1425), and AAD (1.2583) for ANN exhibited the robustness of the ANN tool over the RSM technique. Optimal biodiesel-- diesel fuel (B0) blend was 22.5% volume ratio called as B22.5. The optimum yield of FIWOME of 92.5% was achieved at the methanol/oil molar ratio of 5.99, KOH of 1.1 wt.%, and a reaction time of 77.6 min. The basic properties of FIWOME determined complied with both ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 specifications. The values of C p and TD increased and decreased respectively with biodiesel percent in fuel in a quadratic manner. The TC and Pr were correlated with the biodiesel fraction through linear regressions. The brake power, brake torque, and brake specific fuel consumption were observed to increase with an increase in biodiesel percentage level. The determined performance characteristics of B22.5, which is above B20 as recommended for powered diesel engine gave a good improvement in terms of BTE and Pr making FIWOME based biodiesel a viable substitute for fossil diesel.