Risk Factors for AKI Development in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure

Despite the advances in management, acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) continues to be associated with poor clinical outcomes. Renal dysfunction, especially acute kidney injury (AKI), is one of the strongest predictors of adverse outcomes in ADHF. The association between the heart and the kidney in patients with ADHF is complex, and a complete understanding of this bidirectional interaction has not been elucidated. There are two big issues in this field. First is that many different definitions for renal dysfunction have been used conventionally. This would create different interpretations of renal failure in ADHF. Another problem is that the timing of WRF/AKI onset during hospitalization varies. To reconsider the future direction of AKI, this review focused on the current perspectives on AKI in ADHF patients.