A new ZTD model based on permanent ground-based GNSS-ZTD data

Tropospheric delay has a major effect on the accuracy of navigation and positioning when using the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). Zenith tropospheric delay (ZTD) modelling has been used to weaken the influence of the atmosphere. The work reported here focused on ZTD modelling based on real-time surface meteorological parameters, traditionally represented by the Saastamoinen model. However, Saastamoinen accuracy only reaches scale of centimetres, even to scale of centimetres when the water vapour is active, whereas the scale of ground-based GNSS-ZTD data (i.e. ZTD derived from ground GNSS data) is on the millimetre scale and is considered to be the ‘true’ value. An important direction in GNSS studies is how to make good use of ground-based GNSS-ZTD data to improve the accuracy of the Saastamoinen model. Authors studied the residuals in the Saastamoinen model using high-precision GNSS-ZTD data provided by the International GNSS Service (IGS) product and then carried out modelling based on a back...