Dynamics of nanosecond laser produced plasma

Laser produced plasmas (LPP) have various applications including laser induced breakdown spectroscopy, superconducting films fabrication, and nanoparticles formation. Although massive efforts have been made, Understanding dynamics of nanosecond laser produced plasma still requires a long-term effort due to the complicated interactions among the laser, the target, the ambient environment, and the plasma. New achievements are obtained due to the improvements of the plasma diagnostics, the developments of numerical codes, and expansions of the application fields.