Worker dominance and reproduction in the bumblebee Bombus terrestris: when does it pay to bare one's mandibles?

In bumblebees, dominance behaviour contributes to the regulation of the reproductive division of labour between queens and workers. Towards the end of the colony cycle, at the onset of the competition phase, reproductive workers will establish a dominance hierarchy and challenge the reproductive monopoly of the queen by laying unfertilized, male-destined eggs. However, it has been suggested that the dominance and reproductive hierarchies in bumblebee workers are not completely aligned. By performing manipulative experiments and observing both aggressive behaviour and ovarian activation in Bombus terrestris workers, we aimed to elucidate how these two hierarchies interact and are modulated by the presence of the queen and other reproductive workers. We found that the reintroduction of a queen in a queenless colony not only caused worker ovary regression, but also decreased aggressive interactions between workers, thereby restoring the harmony in the colony. Furthermore, transplanting dominant reproductive workers from queenless colonies into queenright colonies induced the resident workers to activate their ovaries and aggressively compete over reproduction, thereby implying that positive feedback drives the onset of the competition phase. However, we did not see this result when subordinate reproductive workers from queenless colonies were added to queenright colonies, suggesting that ovary activation is mainly initiated in reaction to displays of dominance. Additionally, we observed that workers were attacked irrespective of their reproductive state, questioning the importance of signals that advertise either fertility or sterility in bumblebees. Finally, larger workers were significantly more aggressive and significantly more likely to be attacked, even though smaller workers were equally likely to have activated ovaries. This suggests that large workers resort to aggression to increase their chances of successfully reproducing due to their inherent fighting advantage, whereas small cheater workers could possibly reproduce by staying under the radar to evade nestmate aggression.