Stormflow generation involving pipe flow in a zero-order basin of Peninsular Malaysia

Hydrological responses in a zero-order basin (ZOB), a portion of whose discharge emerged via preferential flow through soil pipes, were examined over a 2-year period in Peninsular Malaysia to elucidate primary stormflow generation processes. Silicon (Si) and specific conductance (EC) in various runoff components were also measured to identify their sources. ZOB flow response was dependent on antecedent precipitation amount; runoff increased linearly with precipitation during events >20 mm in relatively wet antecedent moisture conditions. Runoff derived from direct precipitation falling onto saturated areas accounted for