Obliquely propagating dust–ion acoustic solitary waves and their multidimensional instabilities in magnetized dusty plasmas with bi-maxwellian electrons

The nonlinear propagation of dust–ion acoustic (DIA) waves in an obliquely propagating magnetized dusty plasma, consisting of bi-maxwellian electrons (namely lower and higher temperature maxwellian electrons), negatively charged immobile dust grains, and inertial ions is rigorously investigated by deriving the Zakharov–Kuznetsov equation. Later, the multidimensional instability of the DIA solitary waves (DIASWs) is analyzed using the small-k perturbation technique. It is investigated that the nature of the DIASWs, the instability criterion, and the growth rate of the perturbation mode are significantly modified by the external magnetic field and the propagation directions of both the nonlinear waves and their perturbation modes. The implications of the results obtained from this investigation in space and laboratory dusty plasmas are briefly discussed.