Incidences, Case Fatality Rates and Epidemiology of Melioidosis Worldwide: A Review Paper

Melioidosis is an uncommon, opportunistic disease caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei that lives freely in soil, water, and harsh environments. Transmission occurs from direct exposure of the bacteria to soil or contaminated water supplies. The case fatality rate (CFR) of Melioidosis is high and increases in children and underdeveloped countries. Unfortunately, the disease remains understudied around the world. We carried out an extensive literature review in a systematic approach. A detailed search strategy and PRISMA chart was used to select the relevant articles from reliable medical databases. Articles published from 2016 to 2020 that addressed the incidences, case fatality rates and epidemiology of Melioidosis are selected based on selection criteria. Finally, a total of 34 articles were included in this review. We identified 15,202 cases of Melioidosis globally from 1913-2018 with a total CFR of 33.9%. We calculated the global incidence of ~2607 per year and a CFR of ~814 (35.4%) per year. There are 80% (n = 2476) of adult cases and 20% (n = 620) of paediatric cases. The total (n = 12,413) male to female ratio of Melioidosis is 2.21:1. We also found that the male to female ratio of adult cases (n = 804) is 3.57:1, whereas that of paediatric cases (n = 318) is 1.39:1. The number of patients found working in the agricultural sector was 36.5% (n = 1068). We found a higher incidence and a lower total CFR which are consistent with previously reported studies. We also found that the percentage of paediatric cases was higher than in previous studies, and there is a considerable difference in male to female ratio between adult cases and paediatric cases. This review provides significant evidence to the public health policy makers to develop an effective preventable intervention to reduce the incidence and case fatality of this neglected tropical disease.