Psychological benefits of sports for disabled people: a review

This article reviews literature on the psychological benefits of sports for the disabled. Beginning with traditional models and resource development models of rehabilitation, an integrative model of sports for the disabled is suggested, emphasizing the concept of efficacy-based empowerment through sport. Empirical research is reviewed according to the conceptual categories of this model: (a) performance accomplishments and functional efficiency, (b) perceived self-efficacy, (c) self-concept and self-esteem, (d) personality disorders, mood states and locus of control and (e) activity level and social acceptance. This review suggests that most psychological constructs expressed within the empowerment model are positively affected by physical activity in disabled people, when applied properly. Several recommendations are outlined for beneficial application of the model in practice as well as for future research topics.