Role of nanomaterials in protecting building materials from degradation and deterioration

Nanotechnology is a blooming field in civil and construction industries. Understanding the role of nanomaterials in strength enhancement and other repair mechanisms is still challenging. With the advancement of nanoscience and nanotechnology, researchers all over the world are focusing on executing its full potential in the development of smart civil structures. Although several studies have been reported on nanoengineered concrete and nanocoatings, their scale-up studies and practical applications is still in nascent stages. This chapter summarizes the latest developments and the future potential of nanomaterials in buildings and other construction materials. Firstly, the general causes and types of concrete defects are elaborated. Then, it focuses on the most effective repair mechanism, microbial-induced carbonate precipitation, and use of nanomaterials that readily enhance self-healing ability and concrete properties. Nanomaterials such as nanosilica, nanoclay, titanium dioxide, nanoiron oxide, alumina, silver, copper, zinc oxide, carbon nanotubes, and graphene oxide/platelets have been reviewed. Finally, challenges, prospects, and implications of nanotechnology in the construction industry are discussed.