Methods and Measures in Investigating PSEs

To assist scholars in designing studies that have increased validity, this chapter provides an extensive review of measurement options and experimental manipulation of parasocial experiences (PSEs). First, the chapter offers a comprehensive discussion of 21 self-report scales for measuring general parasocial relationships (PSRs); various specific subtypes of PSRs (e.g., PSRs in children, political PSRs); parasocial interactions (PSIs); and parasocial breakups (PSBs). The strengths of each measure and questions pertaining to the measure’s validity, reliability, and appropriateness for utilization in different contexts are highlighted. Next, experimental paradigms and manipulations of PSI and PSR are reviewed, giving especial attention to validity considerations.