Protective human IgE responses are promoted by comparable life-cycle dependent Tegument Allergen-Like protein expression inSchistosoma haematobiumandSchistosoma mansoniinfection

Schistosoma haematobiumis the most prevalent of the human-infecting schistosome species, causing significant morbidity in endemically exposed populations. Despite this, it has been relatively understudied compared to its fellow species,S. mansoni. Here we provide the first comprehensive characterization of theS. haematobiumTegument Allergen-Like protein family, a key protein family directly linked to protective immunity inS. mansoniinfection. Comparable with observations forS. mansoni, parasite phylogenetic analysis and relative gene expression combined with host serological analysis support a cross-reactive relationship betweenS. haematobiumTAL proteins, exposed to the host immune system as adult worms die, and closely related proteins, exposed during penetration by the infecting cercarial and early schistosomulae stages. Specifically, our results strengthen the evidence for host immunity driven by cross-reactivity between family members TAL3 and TAL5, establishing it for the first time forS. haematobiuminfection. Furthermore, we build upon this relationship to include the involvement of an additional member of the TAL protein family, TAL11 for both schistosome species. Finally, we show a close association between experience of infection and intensity of transmission and the development of protective IgE responses to these antigens, thus improving our knowledge of the mechanisms by which protective host immune responses develop. This knowledge will be critical in understanding how control efforts such as mass drug administration campaigns influence the development of host immunity and subsequent patterns of infection and disease within endemic populations.Author SummaryS. haematobiumis the most prevalent of the human infecting schistosomes. Along withS. mansoni, it is responsible for the majority of schistosomiasis cases that are borne by the populations of sub-Saharan Africa, where the global burden of this infection is centered. Here, we provide insight into the IgE antibody response that protects against these infections. Through utilization ofin silicoanalysis and transcriptional studies of parasite life stages, in combination with immuno-epidemiological studies, we explore the relationship between host immune protection and a parasite protein family named the Tegument Allergen-Like (TAL) proteins. Our results show that several members of the TAL protein family are important in host protection to both these major schistosome species. For the first time we demonstrate that a progressive cross-reactive TAL-IgE response occurs againstS. haematobium, similar to that previous observed inS. mansoniinfection. We additionally expand upon previous knowledge forS. mansoni, identifying further complexity in the cross-reactive relationship between TAL family members, providing evidence of a key role for family member TAL11 in induction of the protective host immune response.