Cowden Syndrome and Lhermitte-Duclos Disease—a Case Report and Review of the Literature

Cowden syndrome (CS) is a rare, autosomal dominant, multisystem disease related to the mutation of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) tumor suppressor gene. It is characterized by the occurrence of multiple hamartomas and mucocutaneous lesions and is associated with a high risk of malignancies. Lhermitte-Duclos disease (LDD), or dysplastic cerebellar gangliocytoma, is a rare hamartomatous lesion of the cerebellar cortex with a unique “tiger stripe” appearance on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Since 1991, LDD has been considered pathognomonic and part of CS. In addition, as almost all adult onset LDD cases were associated with PTEN gene mutations, LDD and CS are both included in PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome (PHTS). In this article, we report a 48-year-old female patient, who presented with a right cerebellar lesion resulting in hydrocephalus. The histology of the cerebellar lesion confirmed the diagnosis of LDD, and her clinical history is highly suggestive of CS. Due to the high incidence of multisystemic malignancies and other diseases, it is important for clinicians to be aware of the association between LDD and CS. Affected patients should be evaluated carefully and screened for cancers accordingly, so as to allow early diagnosis and treatment.